View all Google Scholar citations Khrushchev was one of the USSRs least repressive rulers, and the Hungarians feared that life back home would change for the worse. At the 1987 World Veterans Games in Melbourne, Hansen made a point of entering the same two events Tabori had run, in the same city, more than 30 years earlier -- and after winning gold medals in each, she gave the 1,500 medal to her coach. Keresztes, do you want to pay cash this time, or just leave your watch here as you used to? Render date: 2023-03-04T05:46:50.315Z The defectors were directed to the police station in Szeged to make a formal request for asylum. On how I conducted and examine these and other sources, see Mellis, Negotiation Through Sport, 5267. } The canoeist was. Pteri, Gyrgy, External Politics-Internal Rivalries: Social Science Scholarship and Political Change in Communist Hungary, East Central Europe, 44 (2017), 30939, 313CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Szzad, Hall a szerelmrt, RTL Klub, http://rtl.hu/rtlklub/hirek/XXI_szazad/videok/314174, 8 Sept. 2010; Tabi, Futball s politika, 64. Title Hungarian Olympic Committee. For some athletes and coaches, the Games have also offered avenues to defect. While sport leaders recognised the need to soften their policies towards athletes, athletes learned that socialist Hungary, and not the capitalist . While her team wined and dined, Ute Gaehler, an alternate for East Germanys toboggan team, ran for the border. So, with an art history master's degree from the University of Budapest, he enrolled at USC but played only one semester of water polo because he found the sport there "too Mickey Mouse." Then one day Arpad, while in a furrier's shop looking for a wrap for his wife, overheard a real estate broker mention a vacant lot in East L.A. Laszlo Magyar, Swimming; Olga Gyarmaty Track and Field. fhdgy. An estimated 55 of the 110 Hungarian athletes and coaches defected at the end of the 1956 Olympics, and 35 sought asylum in the United States. An actress can get another role and it's the same work. The Russian defector, Sergei Nemtsanov, was a 17-year-old diver when he disappeared from the Olympic Village during the Games. Competing in four Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the C-2 1000 m event at Rome in 1960 . I am positively convinced that if the government did more in this field, we would have little of this disturbance, Joseph told CNN. (2003), Magyarorszg a Jelenkorban (Budapest: 1956 Institute), 917, 12Google Scholar. "Instead of going back a hero, making 3,000 forints a month, having a chance to go to the next three Olympics, I gave all that up to be a nobody with no marketable skills who didn't speak the language," he said before he died in April at age 77. V-71031. team famously defected during the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne after they found out the Soviet Union stamped out the Hungarian Revolution in Budapest. See also Majtnyi, Gyrgy, Czibor, Bozsik, Pusks: Futball s trsadalmi legitimci az tvenes vekben Sic Itur Ad Astra, 62 (2011), 21931Google Scholar; and Mellis, Negotiation Through Sport, 915. In 1976, four Romanians and one Russian sought refuge in Canada. But the glimmer of a gold medal stoked little national pride in the 57-year-old president of the International Gymnastic Federation. The man who carried the flag for Eritrea, steeplechaser Weynay Ghebresilasie, along with three others from the Eritrean delegation, also chose to defect, VOA News reported in 2012. He settled in Florida, lifeguarding and coaching divers, and went on to design swimming pools, run an adult bookstore and rent himself out as bridge partner.He told Hungarian TV in 2006 that he simply followed defecting divers Frank Siak and Joe Gerlach: "Fifty years later, I'm still here." Jack Kelly, brother of Grace Kelly, helped arrange a coaching position for Torok in Philadelphia, but within months he returned to Hungary to tend to his sick mother.He has since died. He worked for the Vasas sports club and ran a Budapest bar popular with athletes until his death in 2006 at 82. "The U.S. of that period was a land of endless opportunities," he says, "but my teaching career has been like an avalanche, straight down -- from Princeton to USC to Pasadena City College." He died in April 2011 in Budapest at age 87. This is similar to academia and other elite milieus. "She told me I should be a hairdresser," he says, "because I have an accent and I'm a fairly good-looking guy." "It was a very hard decision to go home," says Lidia, who in 2004 received the Hungarian Olympic Committee's lifetime achievement award. . 52 Blutstein, Harry, Cold War Games: Spies, Subterfuge and Secret Operations at the 1956 Olympic Games (Melbourne: Echo Publishing, 2017), 556Google Scholar. I didn't burn too many behind me. ", He arrived with an engineering degree and fenced well, winning or sharing three U.S. titles and representing the U.S. in the Tokyo Olympics. Upon completion of the SI tour, she was taken in by a family in Walnut Creek, Calif. Fifty-five years later, at 75, she is back in Walnut Creek with her husband, Julius Nagy. ", For several months Zador joined a brother in Washington, D.C., and taught dancing at an Arthur Murray studio. In the modern history of the games, the early cases. The steeplechaser said he felt conditions at home seemed to be getting worse, according to the news outlet. 01 February 2021 - On 9 January 2021, five-time Olympic champion gymnast gnes Keleti (photo) turned 100.IOC President Thomas Bach spoke with gnes on the phone, while Hungarian Olympic Committee (HOC) President Krisztin Kulcsr and Secretary General Blint Vkssy personally conveyed their best wishes to her.The oldest living Olympic champion is also one of the country's most . At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, at least four Romanians and one Russian sought asylum in Canada. A week later, he rejected that same flag and defected to the U.S. Ahmed vocally opposed Saddam Husseins regime, and he feared execution. In 1984, a San Diego newspaper hired Romanian sportswriter Vladimir Moraru as a translator. But he drank heavily and, after driving a cab in Manhattan into the late '90s, wound up in a wheelchair with a leg condition. ), The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy During the Cold War, Virtuoso Abroad: Soviet Music and Imperial Competition During the Early Cold War, 19451958, The Olympic Games, the Soviet Sports Bureaucracy, and the Cold War: Red Sport, Red Tape, The Five Hats of Nina Ponomareva: Sport, Shoplifting and the Cold War, Transsystemic Fantasies: Counterrevolutionary Hungary at Brussels Expo58, Divided but not disconnected: Studying a New Paradigm for the History of Sport during the Cold War, From Mice to Men: Miracle, Mythology, and the Magic Kingdom, American Sport Policy and the Cultural Cold War: The Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Years, Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War, Cold War Games: Propaganda, the Olympics and U.S. Foreign Policy, Diplomatic Games: Sport, Statecraft, and International Relations Since 1945, Faust's Gold: Inside the East German Doping Machine, Presenting Heroes: Athletes as Role Models for the New Soviet Person, The International Journal of the History of Sport, Physical Culture and Sport in Soviet Society: Propaganda, Acculturation, and Transformation in the 1920s and 1930s, Sport and the Olympic Movement in Hungary (19451989), Futball s politika kapcsolata Magyarorszgon a II. The AP reports that 13 fans from Eastern European Communist countries also escaped. by Campbell, Alan, 2, 3 (2013), 66775Google Scholar; Takcs, Tibor, Them and Us: Narratives of Agents from the Kadar Era, The Hungarian Historical Review, 4, 1 (2015), 14470, 167Google Scholar. The 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, were held just weeks after Soviet tanks and troops crushed an uprising in Hungary. "In Hungary there were 20 or 30 great fencers, and it was so much fun to compete with them," says Magay, who's 80 and lives in Los Altos, Calif. "So I really gave up fencing when I came here. 60 A. ghassi, Egy elmaradt kzfogs trte kett az lett, 19 Aug. 2006, available at http://index.hu/sport/2006/08/19/060816bg/, (last visited 18 June 2017); Ldia Skovics, interview with the author, 1 Apr. Despite the difficulties of adapting to life in a country where at first he didnt speak the language, Zador said before his death in 2012 that there hasnt been a moment Ive regretted it, Sports Illustrated reported. 80 Kdas Gza sporttrsnak, 31 May 1957, folder 1957 Uszs, 105 box, XIX-I-14-a, Magyar Nemzeti Levltr Orszgos Levltr, Budapest (hereafter MNL OL). 15 See Neuberger, Mary, Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013)Google Scholar; Bren, Paulina and Neuberger, Mary eds., Communism Unwrapped: Consumption in Cold War Eastern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Victor Petrov, A Cyber-Socialism at Home and Abroad: Bulgarian Modernisation, Computers, and the World, 19671989, PhD diss., Columbia University, 2017; Pteri, Gyrgy, Nylon Curtain Transnational and Transsystemic Tendencies in the Cultural Life of State-Socialist Russian and East-Central Europe, Slavonica, 10, 2 (2004), 11323CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Both fled because Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, had been ousted from office. 27 Hoffman, David, Introduction: Interpretations of Stalinism, in Hoffman, David ed., Stalinism: The Essential Readings (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2003), 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar. And when the International Swimming Hall of Fame inducted Katherine in 1985, Arpad threw a huge party for her at L'Orangerie, with Zsa Zsa Gabor, Art Linkletter and Anna Maria Alberghetti among the guests. Whether youre a lifelong resident of D.C. or you just moved here, weve got you covered. And I was at the beginning of my career and so eager for success. 17 Kende, Pter, Mi trtnt a Magyar Trsadalommal 1956 Utn? vknyv XI. One night, as her team was celebrating at a reception, Gaehler slipped out of her living quarters and fled for West Germany. He won national sabre titles in three of his first five years in the U.S. while fencing for his Olympic coach and fellow defector, George Piller, at San Francisco's Pannonia Athletic Club and across the bay at Cal. 74 This is demonstrated by the International Fencing Federation's support for Hungary in not allowing Dmlky to compete at their championships for the United States. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. "It's all turned out O.K.," says Tabori. 88 He says he helped pull down a large red star from a building and build a barricade in Budapest. Five days after Takach's arrival in the U.S., Magda trudged over cornfields at night into Austria; eventually she joined him in Los Angeles. 66 Operation Eagle was the mission to resettle athletes. 34 Attila Csszri, interview with the author, Budapest, 20 May 2015. The Olympics have served as sites of protest, platforms to isolate discriminatory regimes and theaters for Cold War tensions. His runners -- Sandor Iharos, Istvan Rozsavogli and fellow defector Laszlo Tabori -- had been the Kenyans of their time, breaking 22 world records between 1954 and the Melbourne Games. Most of the other athletes defected to America and settled in California. SPORTS ILLUSTRATED is a registered trademark of ABG-SI LLC. All that time spent watching from the shore through wide-angle binoculars stoked his curiosity about how the laws of motion affect sports and led him to develop the Carveboard. Defection in the Olympics during the Cold War was almost an unrecognized medal event, Keys said. XXI. . Now 79, she and her husband, Janos (John) Szalay, live in Henderson, Nev. Email info@olimpia.hu. Andrs Tr (born July 10, 1940) is an American sprint canoer who competed from the early 1960s to the mid-1970s. and Tr defected from Hungary during the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. "When returning to his favorite nightclub after 50 years, the old bartender asked him, 'Mr. The Ugandan weightlifter who went missing after traveling to Japan for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics left a note saying he didn't want to return to his home country, according to Reuters. She met her husband, Bernd Wachter, an international marketing executive for an oil company, in New York City while studying art history there. After a few months' stay, she moved to the US where she taught PE and lived to be 100. 65 In comparison, more than 10 per cent of the Hungarians who left the nation after 1956 returned in 1957. Women's marathoning pioneers Jacqueline Hansen and Miki Gorman flourished under Tabori, who repaid their trust with a confidence rare for male coaches of that era. Now 75, he still coaches 12-year-old swimmers when not selling aquatics supplies and running a pistol range near Stockton, Calif. "My neighbors are cows," he says, "but if I were to win the lottery, I'd probably stay right here.". For some athletes, the Olympics arent just a competition: theyre a chance to escape oppression. 25 Moreover, as the interviewer co-creating the oral histories and the scholar analysing the materials, I cannot ignore the fact that my background and lenses influenced this analysis on several levels. 1945mid-1960s, Ennival s hozomny: a kora kdrizmus ideolgija, Bevezets a Kdrizmusba: Magyarorszg a Szovjetuni rnykban, 19441989, The Workers State: Industrial Labor and the Making of Communist Hungary, 19441958, Socialism Goes Global: Decolonization and the Making of a New Culture of Internationalism in Socialist Hungary, 19561989. 12:03 PM (GMT) In an interview with Al Jazeera, Krystsina Tsimanouskaya, the Belarusian Olympian defector who missed her moment at the Tokyo Games, explained why she is auctioning one of her. Are you on Telegram? "For years, before I'd engage in any political talk, I'd look around to see if anyone was listening," says Hernek, whose parents had spent time in custody of the AVO, Hungary's secret police. Afghanistans flag bearer, boxer Jawid Aman Mukhamad, had the same problem: Afghan officials accused him of being a communist (Mukhamad had trained in Russia). Instead he buckled down, earned his B.A. Detractors maintained that Igloi did all the thinking for his runners. 79 Gyarmati's Story, Sports Illustrated. University of Florida, 2018, 578, 3201, 3345. "We built the whole house by hand," says Arpad, who went on to erect many spec homes on cheap lots. Using a scholarship reserved for Hungarian refugees, she enrolled at Colorado, studying dance and phys ed and competing in and coaching gymnastics. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-74dff 21 On the American side of the defections, see Toby Rider, Cold War. Czechoslovakia had recently become a satellite of the Soviet Union, and Provaznikova knew her country wouldnt be the same. Their son, Bryan, walked on at USC in a quintessentially American sport, basketball. Why isnt everyone who ignored his crimes? It looks like a still from Casablanca, the photo SI ran of Lidia Domolky's reunion with her brother George, who had swum a river and dodged landmines to escape Hungary through Austria and join her in the U.S. Thousands were killed and wounded, and hundreds of thousands fled the country. What made the Kdr Era? Dufraisse, Sylvain, The Emergence of Europe-Wide Collaboration and Cooperation: Soviet Sports Interactions in Europe. Arpad and Katherine met their new country halfway. 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. Both fled because Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, had been ousted from. Dek Ferenc rny. 2023 ABG-SI LLC. He represented Hungary in the Rome and Tokyo Olympics, then ran a sports shop in Budapest. In 1956, Hungary flew 83 athletes to Melbourne, Australia. 41 Most other sports, such as swimming and fencing, did not enjoy the same professional status. 106 Jelents: a Politikai bizottsgnak a testnevelsi s sportmozgalom helyzetrl, 30 Dec. 1958, Imre Ternyi, Adminisztrativ Osztly, M-KS 288.30-1958-17 .e., MNL OL. Will of the People ialah album studio kesembilan oleh kumpulan rock Inggeris Muse, dikeluarkan pada 26 Ogos 2022 melalui Warner Records dan Helium-3. ", His runners -- Sandor Iharos, Istvan Rozsavogli and fellow defector Laszlo Tabori -- had been the Kenyans of their time, breaking 22 world records between 1954 and the Melbourne Games. Two Books on Hungary's Recent Past, The Hungarian Historical Review, trans. Now 78, she lives with her husband, retired physics professor Charles Shapiro, in Novato, Calif., while Aniko lives nearby and works as a chemical engineer. . Tomoff, Kiril, Most Respected Comrade. The Svengali spirit of his mentor even permeated the running-shoe store Tabori ran for two decades, where he refused to put products on display because he didn't trust customers to pick out the right pair. XXI. Aka Amuam Joseph, a Cameroon Karate Federation member, told CNN: Back home, they arent giving the proper training. "And because George had gotten out, that really pushed us to try to stay in the U.S. Hungarian Defectors Story: 1956 Summer Olympics: Closeup portrait of Hungary gymnast Andrea Bodo during photo shoot in private home. team famously defected during the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne after they found out the Soviet Union stamped out the Hungarian Revolution in Budapest. Andre LaGuerre and members of the Sports Illustrated via Getty Images staff aided in some of their defections. Midfielder Yordany lvarez played with the Austin Aztex, Orlando City and Real Salt Lake, according to his Major League Soccer profile. vilghbor utn A kommunista diktatra viszonya a hazai labdargkhoz 1956-ig, Palette: I. j- s Jelenkortrtni Tudomnyos Dikkonferencia, ELTE BTK j- s Jelentkori Magyar Trtneti Tanszk, The Communist Rule in Polish Sport History, Romania at the Olympics: Women Gymnasts as Ambassadors in Sportswear, 1950s1970s, The People's Game: Football, State and Society, Des sordides actes de spculation: traces de circulations conomiques dans les dlgations sportives sovitiques (19671982), Sport Under Communism: Behind the East German Miracle, Beyond Boycotts: Sport during the Cold War in Europe, The Whole World Was Watching: Sport in the Cold War, The Emergence of Europe-Wide Collaboration and Cooperation: Soviet Sports Interactions in Europe. Plachy escaped and joined her in Houston. Known as Pierre for his French affectations, Hungary's water polo goalie refused to stand for the Soviet anthem after the "blood-in-the-water" match. Chronicles of an Olympic Defector. Edelman, Robert, The Five Hats of Nina Ponomareva: Sport, Shoplifting and the Cold War, Cold War History, 17, 3 (2017), 22339, 2378CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The coach announced on Aug. 18, 1948, that she intended to seek asylum in the United States. 13 This is a point made by Sylvain Dufraisse with respect Eastern European states that I take further. He went on to become U.S. Olympian, serving as coxswain of the men's eight that won gold at the 1964 Games. He died in February 2011 at age 82 at his home in Los Gatos, Calif. Now, shell face Jamaicas 100-me Olympic magic cut through the pandemic gloom, but the Tokyo Games legacy i Remembering all of the firsts at the Tokyo Olympics. Decorated Kenyan runner found stabbed to death; police say her husband is a Olympic officials wont push China on human rights ahead of Beijing Games, A cyclist won silver in the Tokyo Olympics. When the team heard the news, only 38 athletes decided to ride the plane back home. 46 Norbert Tabi, A Futballistaper: Szcs Sndor vlogatott labdarg kivgzsnek trtnete, Rubicon: Trtnelmi Magazin, XXV, 262, (July 2014), 2833, 31. Ted's Bio; Fact Sheet; Hoja Informativa Del Ted Fund; Ted Fund Board 2021-22; 2021 Ted Fund Donors; Ted Fund Donors Over the Years. 78 Tks, Rudolf, Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change, and Political Succession, 19571990 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 14Google Scholar. Young, single and one of the best divers in the world, Gerlach was only too happy to swan into Port-a-Pit foam padding for money. Upon learning that his wife back home was pregnant, he bolted the SI tour early and returned to Hungary, which welcomed him back for the 1960 Rome Olympics. Rvsz, Sndor, Aczl s korunk (Budapest: Sk Kiad, 1997), 1467Google Scholar; Oikari, Raiki, Discursive Use of Power in Hungarian Cultural Policy during the Kdr Era, Halmesvirta, Anssi ed., Hungarologische Betrge: Kdr's Hungary-Kekkonen's Finland, 12 (Jyvskyl, Finland: University of Jyvskyl, 2002), 13358, 14950Google Scholar. I'm just an eternal optimist, a diver from a country that had one pool with a diving board.". The Hungarian Olympic team heard the news after they landed in Melbourne, and many planned to not go back, according to a report by The Washington Post. "You need to work hard in life. 95 Itt Tdor beszk a Sportuszodbl Sport, 24 Feb. 1957, 4. He eventually had to revoke his defection, and he left brokenhearted. The plan worked. Although there are numerous factors that can influence the development of successful athletes, some of the important possible factors that relate to the parents' socio-economic and cultural background include the athletes' preconditions (coaching resources, training, facilities and finances) and their ability to acquire the necessary psycho-social competencies (sport knowledge and connections). Members of the Hungarian Olympic team heard the news through the press after they landed in Melbourne, according to the New Republic, and many resolved not to return to Hungary. Soviet bloc officials often sent minders to prevent their athletes and coaches from stepping out of line, so defections usually required careful planning. : Patrons, Clients, Brokers and Unofficial Networks in the Stalinist Music World, Contemporary European History, 11, 1 (Feb. 2002), 3365CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 20 Gyrgy Pteri provides an excellent analysis of how Hungary's concerns about its external legitimacy impacted the state's participation in a 1958 international exposition, and the handling of a writer who had contacts with Imre Nagy but was tasked with creating a Hungarian pavilion at the 1958 show. The report says that the Soviet players told this to the Yugoslav players, who then reported it to the Hungarian players. After 16 months of surviving on temp jobs and unemployment benefits, he lit out for Hungary. 110 Alena Ledeneva mentions the continued usefulness of connections and blat in the post-socialist era in her seminal work on the topic. He learned to run as a kid during World War II, when he'd bolt for his life after stealing food from occupying German soldiers. Paperback - March 3, 2020. 54 A forradalom vrtaninak szellemben, Magyar Npsport, 1 Nov. 1956, 1. Throughout he has championed Igloi's twin rules: Do what Coach says; and Coach says to do interval training. He returned after learning he'd be spared reprisals, and he became a decorated professor of phys ed and sports science. Belarusian Olympic sprinter Krystsina Tsimanouskaya has sought refuge at the Polish Embassy in Tokyo becoming the latest Olympic athlete to refuse to return to her country out of fear for her personal safety. You come to a country of free enterprise, and you're going to bitch about someone other than you benefiting? She made it safely. 99 Curtis Brooks to Dezs Gyarmati, 31 Mar. The CIA and the Cultural Cold War, Aquatics 19082008: 100 Years of Excellent in Sport, Holistic Approach to Athletic Talent Development Environments: A Successful Sailing Milieu, http://rtl.hu/rtlklub/hirek/XXI_szazad/videok/314174, http://nol.hu/kultura/a-tarsait-szitava-lottek-a-magyar-uszotehetseg-tulelte-az-ugato-halalt-1628457, http://index.hu/sport/2006/08/19/060816bg/, http://m.heol.hu/heves/sport/kadas-geza-a-gyorsuszobol-lett-peldakep-450770. 1945mid-1960s, in Vonnard, Philippe, Sbetti, Nicola, Quin, Grgory, eds., Beyond Boycotts: Sport during the Cold War in Europe (Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2018), 7181, 71Google Scholar. After selling more than 50,000 Carveboards in 35 countries, the business has ridden the go-down part of that cycle. Jnos Soproni, j csillagok a trvivs egn, NpSport, 19 Sept. 1957, 1; for more about citizenship, see Rider, Cold War. vilghbor utn A kommunista diktatra viszonya a hazai labdargkhoz 1956-ig, Palette: I. j- s Jelenkortrtni Tudomnyos Dikkonferencia (Budapest: ELTE BTK j- s Jelentkori Magyar Trtneti Tanszk, 2014), 5780Google Scholar; Fryc, Adam and Ponczek, Miroslaw, The Communist Rule in Polish Sport History, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26, 4 (2009), 50114CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wood, Michaela, Romania at the Olympics: Women Gymnasts as Ambassadors in Sportswear, 1950s1970s, Revista Arhivelor, 84, 34 (2007), 27381Google Scholar. Former Nike running coach Alberto Salazars four-year doping ban upheld by Larry Nassar is in jail. 1957, 32. 53 Several swimmers and a cyclist were shot at while attempting to defect in August 1956, although it is not clear if the authorities knew that they were athletes. There were Hungarian athletes who remained in Melbourne following the Olympics. 113 Majtnyi, What made the Kdr Era?, 675. Here is what became of the Hungarian athletes and coaches who defected after the 1956 Melbourne Games. However, there is little information on who they were, where they were from, and where they went. He coached four Olympic paddlers at a kayak club in Ohio and spent 32 years as a hydraulic engineer. 67 Interview with Lszl Tbori; Interview with Nick Martin. 55 The stance of sport leader Gyula Hegyi also proved crucial for athletes wanting to defect. 7 On how Soviet sport bureaucrats balanced these two priorities, see Parks, Olympic Games. By the eve of the 1956 Olympics he had set a world record in the 1,500 meters and become the third miler to break four minutes. This article examines three case studies between 1951 and 1960 to illustrate how the 1956 Revolution and mass defection of Hungarian Olympic athletes following the Melbourne Games impacted the relations between Hungarian sport leaders and athletes. TOKYO, Oct. 23 Three Hungarians, one a member of his country's Olympic canoeing team, have defected to the United States. In the. by Bryan Dawson. The Olympics came shortly after the bloody Soviet invasion of. There he developed recording materials such as laser discs -- appropriately enough, for he served as a kind of class secretary for the defecting athletes.
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