what happens if a hindu eats beef what happens if a hindu eats beef

Hinduism is often called a "way of life", and anyone sincerely following that way of life can consider themselves to be a Hindu. As clearly said in the following verse, giving up meat eating is greatly rewarding and is recommended too, but eating meat is "not that bad". Some Hindus, in the 1830s, consumed beef . Non veg will never be eaten by a true Sikh. Hindu scriptures teach that the souls of those who eat meat can never go to God after death, which is the ultimate goal for Hindus. What is the punishment for eating beef in Hinduism? First of all, in general, consumption of non-veg food items, by all people, under all circumstances is not a sin that scriptures will prescribe atonement measures for the act. The ancient Greeks were no different. The debate on Hinduism and beef eating is not only old, but also one that has made a mark on Indian history time and again. However, many Muslims have no idea of what they are allowed to eat. It can be punished with 7 years jail and a fine of up to Rs 10,000. Megalithic Sites Are More than Just Stone, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Evidence is Cut in Stone: A Compelling Argument for Lost High Technology in Ancient Egypt, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire. Two of the plaintiffs ordered vegetarian samosas from Moghul Express on August 10, 2009. It is not as if there were only Hindus in the Indian Union. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. After a later conversation with a friend, I learn that brasato is beef. According to a study of Hindus in the diaspora, around 90% of Hindus in Suriname and more than 95% of Hindus in Guyana eat meat. The survey also finds that most Hindus say a person cannot be Hindu if they eat beef, and most Muslims say a person cannot be Muslim if they eat pork (see Chapter 5 ). Later, at the same conclave, an animal rights activist, Chetan Sharma, said, Cow is also the reason for global warming. But is this true? Hindus cannot eat the cow, Muslims cannot eat pork and will eat only halal meat. In a large part of the Hindu society, the taboo against eating beef is such that consuming the meat of a cow could lead to being disowned if people in the family became aware of it. According to Manusmriti above, it is not sinful to eat meat. In Hinduism, vegetarianism is a very important aspect. The Mahabharata, an impressive resource of Hindu moral law and history, substantially relates meat-eating in a similar view as that of shameful cannibalism. The Appellate Division considered the relevant provisions of the CFA, including those relating to misrepresentation of food identity, N.J.S.A. Beef contains 21% protein, compared to less than 10% protein on a vegetable-based diet. I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds, about Thirsty Brits Turned to Drinking Cows Milk 7,000 Years Ago, about Hathor: Goddess of Joy and Motherhood Near the Nile, about Ancient Mongolian Teeth Demand New Research Into the Mysterious Origins of Lactose Intolerance in Humans, about Horses, Cows and Celestial Creatures at the Dawn of Civilizations, about Should Adults Really Be Drinking Milk? In other words there are no rigid "do's and don'ts.". Hinduism and its complicated history with cows (and people who eat them) 1 Cows in ancient Indian history. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. The Jews will eat only Jewish meat, others cannot eat fish or eggs. In a large part of the Hindu society, the taboo against eating beef is such that consuming the meat of a cow could lead to being disowned if people in the family became aware of it. Contrary to many of the answers given, not all Hindus are vegetarian. Whatever decision you make for or against, it is not true that the cause behind beef aversion is due to brahmins. The History Behind the Debate. Beef is a high-protein food that is affordable to millions of Hindus from the Scheduled Castes. In Nepal, a majority Hindu nation, you can find meat offerings. ( Public Domain ) In this poster condemning the consumption of beef, the sacred cow Kamadhenu is depicted as containing various deities within her body. The shadow of Hathor is still present in many places related to the monumental history of ancient Egypt. While many Hindus do not eat beef and prefer to view the cow as highly regarded, Hindus do. Modis government has also prohibited the slaughter of buffalo, thus destroying the Muslim-dominated buffalo meat industry and causing widespread economic hardship. It is considered to be the oldest living religion in the world. A Brahmin can meat under certain circumstances, and he has to only consume the meat that has been duly sprinkled with mantra-infused water. Defendant, on the other hand, filled the order with meat-stuffed samosas, which plaintiffs consumed. Distinguished Service Professor of the History of Religions, University of Chicago. Most of the food that is offered to Hindu deities is vegetarian. The Indian Constitution gives every Indian the freedom of choice in food. In September 2015, a 50-year-old Muslim man, Mohammad Akhlaq, was lynched by a mob in a village near New Delhi on suspicion that he had consumed beef. According to Hindu texts, persons who consume meat would never be able to reach God after death, which is Hindus ultimate objective. What Is The Penalty For Driving A Van Overweight? Buffaloes, on the other hand, are exempt from the states laws. Everything is permitted (halal), except what God specifically prohibited (haram). 10. The burden of proof is on the accused if they are arrested. Hindus dont eat beef because the cow is considered a sacred animal. Shivas meat-eating habits can be found in the Vedas and the Puranas, but his association with wine- drinking seems to be a later appendage. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, Culturally Hindu, inspired by Advaita, Buddhism & Jainism. Possession is not a criminal offense. The lower Beda community has a person who wrote the Ramayana. The envisioned revelation, the feared end of the world that will herald an age of purification through horrific and chaotic means Every culture has an explanation about how we got here. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Personal liberty to believe and speak as one wishes without government interference so long as it does not harm or interfere in the personal liberty of others is perhaps the most precious thing anyone can hope to achieve and is well worth fighting for. After the fourth century B.C., when the practice of vegetarianism spread throughout India among Buddhists, Jains and Hindus, many Hindus continued to eat beef. Yes, depending on the Hindu and the type of Gelatin. . Emperor Jahangir (1605-1627), imposed a ban on cattle slaughter for a few years, not out of respect for Hindus, but because cattle had become scarce. If you genuinely feel bad, make amends via puja to your ishtadevata, and just try to be more careful in the future. Cow, bullock, and ox slaughter are prohibited in Uttar Pradesh, where a Muslim man was lynched in Dadri for allegedly ingesting beef. Some dharma texts composed in this same period insist that cows should not be eaten. You going to hell bro :( Seriously, it looks like you had this meal outside India. Hindu texts often praise vegetarianism, and hindus may avoid eating beef because cows are seen as sacred in muslim teachings. This is what is wrong with. Nonetheless, The plaintiffs allegations of consequential damages, i.e., emotional/spiritual injuries needing purifying of their souls in India, presented a more complex issue. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, The Green Children of Woolpit: Legendary Visitors from Another World, Medieval Sea Monster Was Likely a Whale, New Research Reveals, Adventist Adventurer Claimed to Have Found Ark of the Covenant Beneath Crucifixion Site, Human Origins According to Ancient Greek Mythology, The Curious Apparitions of Pagan Goddesses to the German Knights Templar, Research Confirms That 20% of the Neanderthal Genome Can Be Found In Modern Humans, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, Theyre Alive! : https://www.reddit.com/r/hinduism/wiki/resources/schools, Press J to jump to the feed. Is buffalo meat called mutton? 56:8-2.10, as well as the elements of such a claim: 1) unlawful conduct by the defendant; 2) ascertainable loss by the plaintiff; and 3) a causal relationship between the conduct and loss. Though Gandhi had previously supported the concept of cow protection, the advent of communal violence and Partition depressed him at this time. Domestication of the Eurasian wild boar began 7,000 years ago in Asia. Excellence did not belong to any one class, caste, or community. As a result, we reverse summary judgment and remand for further proceedings on plaintiffs violation of express warranty claim. Such people may have regarded beef-eating in the light of what the historian Romila Thapar describes as a matter of status the higher the caste, the greater the food restrictions. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. ..None? In Delhi, authorities raided a canteen on the premises of Kerala House for allegedly serving beef. Many Hindus, especially laypeople, do eat meat. Mr. Madhwaraj said that the Mahabharata was written by Maharshi Veda Vyasa, the son of Satyavati, a fisherwoman. Fish and eggs can be eaten. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It was the Sanskrit epic, the Mahabharata (composed between 300 B.C. By the 19th century, the cow-protection movement had arisen. Beef consumption is permitted, as is the slaughter of economically insignificant animals. Economic status, occupational and geographical connections, and religious allegiance also play distinctive parts where dietary choices are concerned. This was, for example, one of the primary triggers for the First War of Independence in 1857 in which use (or rumour of use) of cartridges greased with cow and pig fat sparked a revolt among . Various religious sanctions were used to impose prohibition on beef eating, but, as Thapar demonstrates, only among the upper castes.. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? If you feel sick to your stomach after eating beef, several potential factors could be to blame. The Appellate Division refused to enlarge the concept of ascertainable loss and affirmed the dismissal of the plaintiffs CFA claims, citing the lack of precedence for the plaintiffs claims. As a goddess, Ninsun was worshipped by the As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. Published Date: August 24, 2016 3:03 AM IST. " But Your food will influence your body according . One food in particular that raises questions within the Hindu community is that of eating beefrather, specifically not eating beef. As a scholar, studying Sanskrit and ancient Indian religion for over 50 years, I know of many texts that offer a clear answer to this question. In 2015, in the western Indian state of Gujarat, lower-caste Hindus were flogged for skinning a dead cow, triggering spontaneous street protests and contributing to the resignation of the states chief minister. Being vegetarian, they also avoid Karma and/or reincarnation as a lower creature than human beings. (It is another matter that . Immigrants began to arrive in the modern-day Tamil Nadu region around 700 CE, and some people began to observe vegetarianism. Udupi district in-charge Minister Pramod Madhwaraj declared on Saturday that Valmiki, Rama, and Krishna were non-vegetarians, hoping to spark a bigger debate about legendary personalities and forefathers eating habits. One example within Mahabharatas scriptural text tells us a great warrior by the name of Bhishma claimed eating the flesh of an animal is like eating the flesh of ones son, bringing abundant disgrace to the fool who eats it. Wendy is just some Anti Hindu scholar who don't know much about Hinduism. The title is short and the extent is long. Beef was allegedly being transported by the victims. Hindu scriptures teach that the souls of those who eat meat can never go to God after death, which is the ultimate goal for Hindus. When the process of writing the Constitution began, Mohandas Gandhi and many other key politicians received letters and telegrams requesting that cattle slaughter be made illegal. Depending on a persons personal goals and scriptural values, this modern-day world leaves many questioning which foods are actually the foods we should be eating. It may say beef on the menu, but what you're actually getting is buffalo. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 12.5 million Hindus eat beef/buffalo. Meat is food for . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. One of the implicit objects of this movement was the oppression of Muslims . Which meat is prohibited by Hinduism? The plaintiffs argued that they could because they were seeking damages in the amount it would cost to travel to India for a purification ritual, but the court disagreed, noting that the plaintiffs were seeking damages in the amount it would cost to travel to India for a purification ritual Theyre looking for the cost of treatment for an alleged spiritual injury that cant be classified as a financial or property loss. Modis government has also prohibited the slaughter of buffalo, thus destroying the Muslim-dominated buffalo meat industry and causing widespread economic hardship. The law prohibits the slaughter of cows and their offspring. From my perspective, in our day, the nationalist and fundamentalist Hindutva (Hindu-ness) movement is attempting to use this notion of the sanctity of the cow to disenfranchise Muslims. Haha, don't worry about it. Muslims do not consume pork or alcohol, and follow a humane process for the slaughter of animals for meat. Beef consumption is permitted in only eight. . We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Yet even Gandhi never called for the banning of cow slaughter in India. I'm pretty upset about this, I guess I'm wondering how anyone here would handle the situation? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Published Date:August 24, 2016 3:03 AM IST. Various religious sanctions were used to impose prohibition on beef eating, but, as Thapar demonstrates, only among the upper castes.. Yet even Gandhi never called for the banning of cow slaughter in India. I had no idea what brasato was, but I thought it just must be a sauce or something, so I ordered the ravioli with brasato from an Italian restaurant. Non-vegetarian food used to be a part of their diet when they were young. With the exception of the plaintiffs express warranty claims, the Appellate Division upheld the dismissal of all claims. Some Hindus who did eat meat made a special exception and did not eat the meat of cow. In todays world, Hindus eat poultry, fish, and other seafood, as well as goat and sheep. This myth imagines a transition from hunting wild cattle to preserving their lives, domesticating them, and breeding them for milk, a transition to agriculture and pastoral life. In the Muslim-majority archipelago, where beef is a primary source of sustenance, this has generated disquiet. Its what is called emotional pain waves.. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Gandhi. All types of alcohol, as well as pork, carrion and blood, are forbidden in Islam. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. If a cow is old or unhealthy, it can be slaughtered in Karnataka. Slaughter of cows, buffalos, bulls, bullocks, and calfs, as well as ownership of their meat, are prohibited in Chhattisgarh. How Do I Know If My Cat Died From Poisoning? What happens if a Hindu eats beef? Thank you, this is very good to know. The plaintiffs apparently received the meat samosas after the orders were modified. U.S., the practice of eating meat is more widespread than in most other countries. The prohibition against beef has been so deeply ingrained that it has become one of the few dogmas that is virtually unquestioned. Indian legislators have long debated whether and to what extent the state should make laws for cow protection. The Mahar community in Maharashtra was given the task of removing dead cattle caracasses from the hamlet under the Balutedar system. Even still, the overwhelming majority of us will only go so far as to believe that eating beef is a culinary decision. Killing cows or transporting beef in states such as Haryana, Jharkand or Jammu and Kashmir is punishable by large fines and up to 10 years' prison. The Constituent Assembly was established in December 1946 to draft a Constitution for the new nation, and independence from British authority was achieved the following year, making this aim seem attainable. It involves a penalty of 7 years in prison and/or a fine of Rs 10,000. The government data shows that vegetarian households have higher income and consumption - are more affluent than meat-eating households. During the Middle Ages, exorcisms were commonplace to rid individuals of supposed demonic possession. In the time of the oldest Hindu sacred text , the Rig Veda (c. 1500 BC), cow meat was consumed . Beef contains 21% protein, compared to less than 10% protein on a vegetable-based diet. Lower-caste Hindus are also being attacked. According to Vedas, Lord Krishna is a dark-skinned Dravidian god. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". It visualizes the cow as the paradigmatic animal that yields food without being killed. The majority of us who were reared in traditional Hindu families were taught that beef was the one food that we were never allowed to eat under any circumstances. Although Christianity is also an Abrahamic religion, most of its adherents do not follow these aspects of Mosaic law and are permitted to consume pork. Is Krishna black? They started exporting buffalo meat. Hinduism gives us the wisdom to make up our own mind on what we put in our body except there is . And it is not only the beef-eating Muslims (and Christians) who are the target of Hindutvas hate brigade. But is this true? Slaughter of all bovines is punishable by five years in prison in Himachal Pradesh. Don't worry too much about it. . Santana Dharma (Devanagari: meaning "eternal dharma") is the original name of Hinduism. I will keep this in mind. First, the court decided that the plaintiffs had presented enough evidence to show that the defendant gave a warranty that the samosas it delivered were vegetarian. The law also prohibits the slaughter of cows that are handicapped, diseased, or barren. Fasting is another common dietary practice in India. He used the image of the Earth cow (the one that King Prithu milked) as a kind of Mother Earth, to symbolize his imagined Indian nation. The respect for cow is part of Hindu belief, and most Hindus avoid meat sourced from cow as cows are treated as a motherly giving animal, considered as another member of the family. Such killings have increased since Narendra Modi and his right-wing Bharatiya Janata party came to power in September 2014. . The legislation forbids the storage or consumption of meat. Symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps and indigestion could be caused by anything from food poisoning to a new allergy or food . This is how they keep themselves (their body and spirit) clean. The Minister was perplexed as to how some classes and tribes could claim exclusive rights to God worship. Shocking /s. In this regard, the CFA requires the plaintiff to show that he or she has suffered a loss The plaintiffs failed to meet their burden of proof of loss of money or property, according to the court. This has been going on since Hindutva began in 1923 . These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Such people may have regarded beef-eating in the light of what the historian Romila Thapar describes as a "matter of status" - the higher the caste, the greater the food restrictions . The majority of Buddhists follow a vegetarian diet. One of the implicit objects of this movement was the oppression of Muslims. This was only the latest instance in which the issue of cattle slaughter has made headlines. destroying the Muslim-dominated buffalo meat industry, In the time of the oldest Hindu sacred text, failure to attract large-scale Muslim support, Committee Member - MNF Research Advisory Committee, PhD Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship. 3 Today's . Conclusion. Do you practice Hinduism and adhere to certain dietary regulations concerning the consumption of beef? Even among my mostly Hindu friends, the thought of eating beef was never mentioned. North India had a lot of Islamic influence, and with cooler climate and with a constant threat of war, more people became non-vegetarian. But, as local analysis shows, the violence has greatly increased under the Modi government. Many remember the rush to get to the head of the line for milk at morning recess in elementary school and TV ads showing healthy kids running around the Ninsun is a female figure found in Sumerian mythology. We dont eat cows, yet we worship them. (Ross Funnell/ CC BY NC ND 2.0 ). It entails a penalty of up to Rs 50,000 in fines and up to 7 years in prison. Huda Updated on July 03, 2019 Muslims follow a set of dietary laws which are outlined in the Qur'an. Along with a single tear drop from a virtuous human being that has committed no mistake ever, in life. As I see it, the arguments against eating cows are a combination of a symbolic argument about female purity and docility (symbolized by the cow who generously gives her milk to her calf), a religious argument about Brahmin sanctity (as Brahmins came increasingly to be identified with cows and to be paid by donations of cows) and a way for castes to rise in social ranking. The Earth assumed the form of a cow and begged him to spare her life; she then allowed him to milk her for all that the people needed.. According to Perumpanooru, Tamils of the Sangam period preferred beef dishes. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This is the Ancient Origins team, and here is our mission: To inspire open-minded learning about our past for the betterment of our future through the sharing of research, education, and knowledge. Famously, Gandhi attempted to make vegetarianism, particularly the taboo against eating beef, a central tenet of Hinduism. Early Vedic texts such as the Rigveda (10.87. They are venerated as mothers (giving milk), and are a representation of the Mother Goddess. If people in the family are found to have eaten beef, they could be thrown out of the house. The cow is sacred in Hinduism, so modern Hindus do not eat beef. Non veg are not considered pure by the Sikh community. The Hindu religion does not excuse accidental consumption of meat products. Namaste: The most polluting things about eating the "wrong food" is how your mind reacts to it. Very much like the lyrics of the famous She may be ancient Egypts most famous face, but the quest to find the eternal resting place of Queen Nefertiti has never been hotter. According to these texts, the cow is food. Even when one passage in the Shatapatha Brahmana (3.1.2.21) forbids the eating of either cow or bull, a revered ancient Hindu sage named Yajnavalkya immediately contradicts it, saying that, nevertheless, he eats the meat of both cow and bull, as long as its tender.. Belief in malevolent spirits inhabiting the human body has persisted across cultures for millennia. On the other hand, and interestingly, according to India Opines online literary platform, Manusmriti scriptures show another spiritual perspective for eating meat. The BJP sponsored a bill in 2010 that would have made slaughter punishable by seven years in prison and a punishment of Rs one lakh, but it did not become law. Its what is called emotional pain waves.. Stuff happens. Most people seem to assume that no Hindu has ever consumed beef. When the other customer understood what had happened, she returned the order to the restaurant. A Hindu Sena leader filed a complaint alleging that beef was featured on the canteens menu, and the police responded. This has been going on since Hindutva began in 1923. goats are offered to the Hindu goddess Kali a lot. are ultimately nasty, controlling, authoritarian creepazoids who want to completely dominate your neighbors life because of YOUR IDIOTIC beliefs based on nothing but the ravings of some control freak, con man who scared stupid sheeple into believing his madeup Sky Daddy story Brahmins, as well as a few Vaishnavite sects in India and non-Brahmin Saivite non-Brahmins in South India, abstain from eating meat. Did Hindu Brahmins eat meat? (1) The intention of meat-eating with knowledge that it is hurting a being, has some amount of evil. 60% Indians in India eat meat, fish or eggs. At Ancient Origins we believe that one of Read More, Hachiaman, can I ask what are your qualifications that make you believe you're able to discredit her entire career like that? It is not wicked to eat the meat of eatable animals, for Brahma has created both the eaters and the eatables, Manusmriti (Chapter 5 / Verse 30) reads. Eating beef doesnt mean your going to hell chill! What happens if a Hindu eats beef? The Hindu feeling in favor of cow protection is old, widespread, and deep-seated, and it has taken little time to rouse to a degree where it is difficult, if not impossible, to ignore it at this time, Prasad wrote. Meat and wine are consumed by the Aghori sect of Hindu holy men throughout India. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Such killings have increased since Narendra Modi and his right-wing Bharatiya Janata party came to power in September 2014. As a scholar, studying Sanskrit and ancient Indian religion for over 50 years, I know of many texts that offer a clear answer to this question. Plaintiffs claimed that the defendant violated the Consumer Fraud Act (CFA) by fraudulently and/or deceptively advertising the sale of vegetarian food to Plaintiffs and instead providing Plaintiffs with non-vegetarian food containing meat products.. Wendy Doniger does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Vedanta philosophies toward the presentation of cows, in general, invoke the reliance that all things work together. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. A few days ago, Meghalaya BJP chief Ernest Mawrie said he eats beef, eating beef is part of the state's lifestyle and that nobody can stop it. 40% of the total Muslim population. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. The main reason why Hindus do not eat pork is because of their religion. It carries a punishment of 7 years' jail and/or Rs 10,000 fine. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. If someone doesn't believe in eating meat from certain animals - cattle, pigs or whatever, that is their business and they should leave those do alone. This abuse of power exhibited by Modi and his zealots is but another example of this in our modern times, as is the destruction of antiquities and the murdering of Christians in territories under the influence of ISIS. Watch Video, Health Tips: Digestion Issues? Within days, two Muslim women were thrashed by members of a right-wing group at a train station in Madhya Pradesh on suspicion of smuggling beef. Some Hindus who did eat meat made a special exception and did not eat the meat of cow. The only way to beat the Buddhists was to go a step further and be vegetarians. Sikhs are not allowed to eat meat because of the principle of keeping the body pure. The restriction also covers the selling of canned beef and beef products, as well as the export of slaughtered cows. Some dharma texts composed in this same period insist that cows should not be eaten. . In Hinduism there are no commandments. Rat meat is consumed by the Musahar dalit caste from Bihar and Nepal. Do Sikhs eat beef? In fact, the religion defines itself by the eating of meat: even though the Holy Prophet was a vegetarian. Hindus should have beef banned in India. IndiaSpend, a data journalism initiative, found that Muslims were the target of 51 percent of violence centered on bovine issues over nearly eight years (2010 to 2017) and comprised 86 percent of 28 Indians killed in 63 incidentsAs many of 97 percent of these attacks were reported after Prime Minister Narendra Modis government came to power in May 2014.. As a result, the Appellate Division upheld the trial courts decision to issue summary judgment to the plaintiffs on their product liability and implied warranty claims (which were subsumed by the PLA).